Measles, a disease once common in childhood, has made a resurgence in certain areas, highlighting the importance of awareness and prevention. Knowing how it spreads, recognizing symptoms, and understanding the critical role of vaccination can help protect individuals and communities.
What is Measles?
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. Though it primarily affects children, unvaccinated adults are also at risk. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making places like schools and daycare centers particularly vulnerable to outbreaks.
Who is Most at Risk?
- Children: Those who have not been vaccinated face a high risk of severe complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. Infants under 12 months, who are too young to receive the vaccine, are especially vulnerable.
- Adults: Anyone born after 1957 who has not been vaccinated or previously infected remains at risk, particularly those traveling abroad or working in healthcare settings.
- Pregnant Individuals: Contracting measles during pregnancy can lead to serious complications such as miscarriage, premature birth, or low birth weight, posing dangers for both the mother and baby.
Measles is extremely contagious—about 90% of unprotected individuals exposed to an infected person will contract the virus. It can also linger in the air and on surfaces for up to two hours, making transmission possible even after the infected person has left the area.
Recognizing Measles Symptoms
Symptoms typically develop 10–12 days after exposure and may include:
- High fever (often over 104°F or 40°C)
- Persistent cough
- Runny nose
- Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Koplik’s spots (tiny white spots inside the mouth)
- A red, blotchy rash that begins at the hairline and spreads downward
Possible Complications
Although many individuals recover without lasting effects, measles can cause severe complications, especially in young children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. These may include:
- Pneumonia – Occurs in about 6% of cases and is a leading cause of measles-related deaths.
- Encephalitis – A rare but serious complication affecting about 1 in 1,000 people, potentially leading to permanent brain damage.
- Diarrhea and Dehydration – Particularly common among young children, sometimes requiring medical intervention.
The Importance of Vaccination
Vaccination remains the most effective way to prevent measles. The MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine is given in two doses:
- First dose at 12–15 months
- Second dose at 4–6 years
Adults who lack immunity should also consider vaccination, particularly those in healthcare professions or those planning to travel internationally.
Measles is a preventable yet potentially severe disease. Staying informed about how it spreads, recognizing symptoms early, and keeping up with vaccination schedules are essential to protecting both individual and public health.