Bad breath, or halitosis, is most often caused by bacteria in the mouth that release sulfur compounds, resulting in unpleasant smells. These bacteria thrive when oral hygiene is poor or when gum disease is present.

Typical signs include a white-coated tongue, swollen or bleeding gums (commonly associated with gingivitis), and canker sores — all of which can indicate a microbial imbalance in the mouth.

Some of the main bacteria responsible are Porphyromonas gingivalis (linked to gum disease), Treponema denticola (associated with periodontitis), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (a known contributor to persistent bad breath).

To combat bad breath:

• Brush your tongue regularly to clear away odor-causing bacteria.
• Floss every day to remove trapped food between your teeth.
• Use an antibacterial mouthwash that contains chlorhexidine or essential oils.
• See your dentist routinely for prevention and treatment of gum-related issues.

Additional advice:
Drink plenty of water to avoid dry mouth, and snack on crunchy produce like apples or carrots, which can help clean your teeth naturally.

The best defense against bad breath is consistent, thorough oral care.